Showing posts with label Kelvedon Hatch. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kelvedon Hatch. Show all posts

Thursday, 27 September 2012

Kelvedon Hatch: The story of Monkey Joe


The Baptism of Monkey Joe (about 1860)

Written by John Maryon, 1897-1975.

I had heard of him since I began to know myself because he was a step uncle to my father and born about 10 years before him (1860) at the ‘Wheatsheaf” Nine Ashes.  I got to know him by sight in Brentwood up to about 1928, when I belive he died – in Billericay infirmary, or paupers end up.  A diminutive figure with a large mottled nose, and a squeaky little voice speaking in broad Essex dialect.  Such a dialect as you seldom hear now, 1970, having been eradicated by 46 years or so of BBC broadcasts and later TV.  Mores the pity as it had considerable humour about it, but to be fully appreciated, spoken with a long drawl, unsuitable for what little expression one has time to explore himself now.  Time is money and everything is calculated in terms of time.

I suppose Joe had a formal Christian baptism and this could be ascertained by a perusal of the church registers of High Ongar for that period.  But legend says, he had another and more boisterous one at the “Wheatsheaf” Nine Ashes.  This was done I gin, I understand, and undoubtedly the High Priest would have been Bob Amos – 1828-1917.  A sporting farmer, living hard by at Lorkins Farm, on Christian name terms with Jim Mace, and not a bad artist with his fists himself.  Could play a fair tune on a piana, or a strapping chorus girl from London, could he inveigle her down to his farm.  An excellent shot with a 12 bore was he, and muzzle loader before it.  He could mix in any company – high or low – with a strong preference for the latter.

This baptism would in modern parlance – be right up his street.  With him would be Dick Oliver a younger protégé of Bobs in the fist game, Choikey Brazier, Hookey Winger, Rhubarb Chandler, and other worthies.  They all earned a tough ill paid living in agriculture, and the taking of the products thereof to the Metropolis.  Especially hay for the teeming horse population there.  Also among them, would be also certainly be Lardie Farmer, a very kind person, but also of necessity rough and tough, and of most uncertain temper.  Always came in for a certain amount of teasing from the poverty striken community, but the teaser would find himself with bodily injuries, if he took things too far. 

So little Joe was christened in gin, and with this inestimable start, proceeded to grow.  He grew up in a rural environment, his father and my great grandfather being a jack of all trades such as thatching, sheep shearing, horse clipping and haybinding.  He was also the licensee of small country beerhouses and was landlord of three of these oasis – “The White Horse” burned down finally, after degenerating into a private residence on Paslow Common, the Wheatsheaf, and finally the Shepherd inn on Kelvedon Common.  Little Joe was to grow to manhood in the last named pub and by his appearance and cunning left his nickname “Monkey” as part of the unofficial title there: premises acquired viz – The Drum and Monkey.

Joe’s father was a poacher and the receiver and disposer of poached game.  He always obeyed the eleventh commandment, by never being caught at his pastime.  Little Joe’s mother, being as broad as she was long, became the Drum, of the Drum and Monkey.  She died of cancer on these premises.

JM

Friday, 4 June 2010

Kelvedon Hatch: Remembering ... Bertie Cowling

Information supplied by the Blackmore War Memorial Research Project Group: Bruno Giordan, Diana Abel & Andrew Smith.

Bertie Cowling

War Memorial:
Kelvedon Hatch
and Ongar & District War Memorial Hospital Roll of Honour (Kelvedon) [ERO A10815]

CWGC
COWLING, B
Private
Leicestershire Regiment
6th Battalion
Date of Death: 14/10/1916
Service No: 40017
Cemetery: Vermelles British Cemetery [10km NW Lens, Pas de Calais, France]
Memorial Reference: V.F.3

Military-genealogy.com
Bertie Cowling
Leicestershire Regiment
6th Battalion
Born: Navestock, Essex
Enlisted: Warley
Residence: Kelvedon Common, Essex [aka Hook End?]
Rank: Private
Number: 40017
Died Date: 14/10/1916
Killed in action
France & Flanders

Statutory register
The only Birth is Jun 1895 Cowling Bertie Gainsbro' 7a 741

Census
On the 1901 census in Navestock.
Source Citation: Class: RG13; Piece: 1644; Folio: 86; Page: 8.
Princes Gate
John Cowling. Head Married 60 Farm Bailiff Kelvedon
Elizabeth Cowling Wife Married 55 Havering
Annie L Cowling Dau. 21 Navestock
Elacy ? Cowling Son 18 Gravel Labourer Navestock
Birtie Cowling Son 17 Gravel Labourer Navestock
[detail from ERO microfilm]

No trace of the name Cowling in Kellys 1912 and 1917 directory.

1918 electoral register has Elizabeth Cowling at 2 The Avenue, Kelvedon Hatch. Perhaps this was his widow.
[Source: Keldon, History House]

Wednesday, 26 May 2010

Blackmore: War Memorial Project (11)

Research into the names of those who fell in the Great War associated with Blackmore has reached the conclusion of its main phase. Of the 45 listed there were three names which warranted further research. It can now be confirmed that Herbert Larke was never a Blackmore resident but his parents moved to the village after the First World War in 1923/24. We will commemorate him as an individual associated with Blackmore because the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records his parents as Blackmore residents. Ernest Samuel Knight has been traced successfully to Blackmore, albeit that he actually lived over the parish boundary in Fryerning. His story will be told soon on this blog. The third, Frank Leslie Stokes Oliver, despite a claim of Blackmoor birth appears to have no connection with the village. Our complete list reads as follows:

Date Died / Name / Rank / Notes
28-Aug-14. Walter Brazier. Stoker.
08-Sep-14. Frederick Garnham. Private. Highwood commemoration
23-Sep-14. Bertie Millbank. Private
14-May-15. Gerald Wellesley Pigott. Sec. Lieut.
17-May-15. Frederick Root. Private. Highwood commemoration
28-Jun-15. Alfred George Ellis. Private
08-Aug-15. Walter Ovel. Private
02-Apr-16. Walter Malyon. Private. Kelvedon Hatch commemoration
16-Aug-16. Herbert Charles Game. Private
16-Aug-16. William Edward Rudling. Private
22-Sep-16. John Crane. Sergeant. High Ongar commemoration
27-Sep-16. Ernest Charles Martin. Private
30-Sep-16. Ian A Miller. Sec. Lieut.
14-Oct-16. Bertie Cowling. Private. Kelvedon Hatch commemoration
15-Oct-16. Herbert Game. Sergeant
23-Oct-16. Arthur John Nash. Private
05-Nov-16. James Gosling. Private
13-Nov-16. John King. Private. Kelvedon Hatch commemoration
19-Jan-17. Edwin Alexander. A/B
16-Apr-17. Wallace King. Bombardier. High Ongar commemoration
28-Apr-17. Harry Riglin. Private
28-Apr-17. James Roast. Private
08-May-17. Alfred Godding. Bombardier
05-Jun-17. Alfred Wheal. Private
27-Jun-17. Ernest Albert Maynard. Lance Corporal
31-Jul-17. George William Wright. Private. High Ongar commemoration
10-Oct-17. Albert Edward Barker. Private
06-Nov-17. Herbert James Brown. Lieutenant
02-Jan-18. Ernest Samuel Knight. Private
20-Jan-18. George William White. Private
21-Mar-18. Herbert Larke. Private
18-Sep-18. Charles Root. Private. Highwood commemoration
26-Sep-18. Charles Speller. Private
14-Oct-18. Joseph Thomas. Private
21-Oct-18. Herbert Miller. Private
24-Oct-18. David Sutton. Private
25-Oct-18. Charles Wash. Driver
02-Nov-18. Frank Leslie Stokes Oliver. Private. No local trace
05-Nov-18. William Willis White. Private
12-Nov-18. William Wilsher Fixter. Private
24-Nov-18. Edward Sutton. Gunner
05-Jun-19. Walter Herbert Wash. A/B
02-Jul-19. William Henry Scudder. A/Mech
1921. Frank James Monk. Corporal. Survivor
1923. Jacob Wiltshire. Private. Survivor

We are continuing to look for information about any of the above and, in particular, any photographs. If you are a relative we would be very pleased to hear from you and add your story.

Monday, 26 April 2010

Kelvedon Hatch: Malyon family

Sent
4 April 2010

Hello Gill

You wrote to me recently regarding your connection with the Malyon family (http://blackmorehistory.blogspot.com/2010/01/willingale-malyon-crabb-family.html). I wondered whether you are related to Walter Malyon who died in the First World War? Please see attached for more information.

Regards

Andrew
Blackmore Area Local History


Received
4 April 2010

Hi there - thank you so much for remembering me - yes Walter Malyon is my great grandfather (Albert) brother. As I said before they came from Wyatts Green in Blackmore also have address of Doddinghurst - is this inscription on a memorial or in a book somewhere - would love to see it - thank you once again.

Gill Gimbert


Replied
5 April 2010

Dear Gill

Thank you for your E mail.

Walter Malyon’s name does not appear on the War Memorial at Doddinghurst (see ink http://blackmorehistory.blogspot.com/2008/09/doddinghurst-war-memorial.html) Kelvedon Hatch (see link http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/kelvedonhatch/memorial.html) or Blackmore (see http://www.blackmorehistory.co.uk/blackmorewwone.html) . His last known address, according to our research was Deptford in what is now the London Borough of Lewisham. He is remembered in Brockley Cemetery within the Lewisham area of London (see http://www.cwgc.org/search/certificate.aspx?casualty=384705).

In our previous correspondence you mentioned the Malyon’s association with Wilingale (posted on http://blackmorehistory.blogspot.com/2010/01/willingale-malyon-crabb-family.html) but your reference here to Wyatts Green is of particular interest to a group of us who are researching those local men who served and died during the First World War (see http://www.blackmorehistory.blogspot.com/search/label/BWMRPG). Our evidence suggests that he is not a Blackmore man. If you are able to fill in any gaps we would be grateful.

Many thanks

Andrew


Received
5 April 2010

Yes would love to help. He was born in Blackmore area - I think Kelvedon Hatch - in 1874 his parents were Walter Malyon [b1841] and Sarah Crabb [c1843]. His grandparents were John Malyon and Louisa Hawthorn and his great grandfather was Peter William Malyon born in Willingale Spain in 1791. He married Sophia Wooden in Staines Middx and John was born in Staines but they moved back to Essex and their addresses were always in the Kelvedon Hatch / Doddinghurst / Wyatts Green [Blackmore] area, which from the map are all very close together.

Walter joined up and became a regular soldier and met and married the sister of his brother Albert's [my great grandfather’s] wife Emma Jane - their first daughter was born in Brentwood and then they moved to South London where I believe he worked as a grocer. At the outbreak of the 1st world war he re-enlisted and died in 1916 (we assume from injuries sustained or from gassing). He left a wife and several children.

If you would like any more information please let me know. Thanks again for giving me so much help.

I have enlisted Essex Registrars to find William Peters parents but they have a backlog of 6 to 8 weeks so am keeping fingers crossed.

Gill


Replied
6 April 2010

Dear Gill

Blackmore (Wyatts Green), Doddinghurst and Kelvedon Hatch are all neighbouring parishes. You may find the History House website of particular interest because it has extensive coverage of Kelvedon Hatch parish. For census data visit: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/kelvedonhatch/census.html.

On the 1881 census page I note Walter is aged 7 and Albert, 9.
Parents Walter and Sarah were living in Kelvedon Hatch in 1871.
They are not present in 1861 but both would be under the age of 21.

Best wishes
Andrew

Received
6 April 2010

They were not born until 1871 and 1874 so would not be on previous census - Walter senior was on previous census living with his father John Malyon and mother Louisa Hawthorn. You will also find his father William Peter married to Sophia on several censuses. They had many children amongst them - about three whom were deaf or deaf and blind, which is why they were still living at home into their 20's.

Thank you again for your help. If I can help you in any way please let me know.

Sunday, 25 April 2010

Kelvedon Hatch: Remembering ... Walter Malyon

Information compiled by the Blackmore War Memorial Research Project Group: Bruno Giordan, Diana Abel, Andrew Smith

Walter Malyon

CWGC
MALYON, WALTER
Private
Essex Regiment
3rd Battalion
Age: 42
Date of Death: 02/04/1916
Service No: 312367
Cemetery: Brockley Cemetery [Lewisham]
Memorial Reference: Screen Wall A 1855
A Screen Wall Memorial bears the names of those whose graves are not marked by headstones.

Additional information: Son of Mr and Mrs W Malyon of Brentwood, Essex; husband of W Malyon, of 8 Spring Street, Tanners Hill, Deptford, London. Served in the South African Campaign.

Ancestry.com

Military-genealogy.com
Walter Malyon
Essex Regiment
3rd Battalion
Born: Kelvedon Common, Brentwood
Enlisted: Woolwich, Kent
Residence: Deptford, Kent
Rank: Private
Number: 3/2367
Date Died: 02/04/1916
Died
Home

Statutory register

Parish register
Baptism Register for Kelvedon Hatch available at ERO until 1876. This birth is 1874 but no record [ERO D/P 296/1/6].

Census
1881: no Malyon in Blackmore
The 1891 census has a Walter Malyon living in South Weald with his parents. He's 19, a soldier (Private 44th Essex Regiment) born Kelvedon Hatch.
Source Citation: Class: RG12; Piece: 1382; Folio 88; Page 8;

Number 34, aged 7, on the 1881 census in Kelvedon Hatch. Stondon Road is what is now known as School Road, KH.
http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/kelvedonhatch/census_1881.html
Source Citation: Class: RG11; Piece: 1741; Folio: 19; Page: 6;
[Courtesy: Keldon, History House]
1901: only George Malyon, shoe maker age 81, wid., born High Ongar. [He appears in Kellys 1882 and 1898, but not in 1878 or 1908.]

Friday, 16 April 2010

Kelvedon Hatch: Remembering ... John King

Research compiled by Bruno Giordan, Diana Ovel and Andrew Smith as part of the Blackmore War Memorial Research Project.

John King

War Memorial
Kelvedon Hatch
and Ongar & District War Memorial Hospital Roll of Honour (Kelvedon) [ERO A10815]

CWGC
KING, JOHN
Private
Essex Regiment
13th Battalion
Date of Death: 13/11/1916
Service No: 43136
Cemetery: Serre Road Cemetery No 2
Grave / Memorial Reference: II. B. 5

Military-genealogy.com
John King
Essex Regiment
13th Battalion
Born: Kelvedon Common, Brentwood
Enlisted: Brentwood
Residence: Kelvedon Common, Brentwood
Rank: Private
Number: 43136
Died Date: 13/11/1916
Killed in action
France & Flanders

Parish register
Baptism Register for Kelvedon Hatch available at ERO until 1876. This birth is 1891.

Census
Appears on the 1901 census in KH aged 10. Lived on what is now the Ongar Road, just north of the Eagle PH.
Source Citation: Class: RG13; Piece: 1644; Folio: 20; Page: 9.
And on the 1891 census, number 9.
http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/kelvedonhatch/census_1891.html
[Source: Keldon, History House]

Blackmore Connection
No. Kelvedon Hatch

Sunday, 11 April 2010

Blackmore: War Memorial Project (4)

The group has been researching the names of 125 men either commemorated on the Blackmore War Memorial as those who died or those who survived the First World War, or those who gave their lives who may be associated with the Essex village in some way or another. At the last meeting five names were established as not having a connection with Blackmore. These are:

- Bertie Cowling, who has a strong association with Navestock and Kelvedon Hatch;
- Fred Garnham, who although his residency was given as Blackmore is more associated with Stondon Massey then Highwood and Roxwell;
- John King, connected with Kelvedon Hatch;
- Walter Malyon, who has a connection with Kelvedon Hatch and South Weald; and
- George William Wright, who although has a residency given as Blackmore (and previously thought to be a Blackmore man) was, in fact, living near Rookery Farm just over the Blackmore boundary in High Ongar.

Fred Garnham is already honoured on the website and G W Wright's place will be changed to High Ongar once publication nears completion. The Kelvedon Hatch men will be remembered on this blog.

Sunday, 7 March 2010

Kelvedon Hatch: Where is Kelvedon Common?



Question to Keldon, History House
13 February 2010

Hello Keldon

Would I be right that Kelvedon Common is the ancient name for Kelvedon Hatch?


Received
13 February 2010

Dear Andrew,

Kelvedon Common is part of Kelvedon Hatch 'KH'. The parish extended from the River Roding at Langford Bridge down to what is now Joy Fooks Chinese Restaurant in the Ongar Road. The southern part of the parish was an area of common land. This was known as Kelvedon Common. The present village was built on that common land. To make things more confusing. The neighbouring parish of Doddinghurst was also on that area of common land and that was called either Kelvedon Common, Doddinghurst Common, or The Common. Doddinghurst parish reached as far as what is now the Shephard PH and the Swan PH in the middle of the present village of Kelvedon Hatch.

I attach a 1777 map. You'll see the windmill which lay just inside KH parish. The present water tower in the village is almost on the same spot. KH lies to the west and north of that. To the right of the dotted line is Doddinghurst.

The boundary was changed in the 1970s and KH took over the part of the old common which lay in Doddinghurst.

Regards
Keldon

Monday, 16 February 2009

Area: History House website

History House, subtitled ‘a dip into Essex history’ is the brainchild of Keldon, whose work on our local heritage is similar to the aims of ‘Blackmore Area Local History’. History House covers the whole of the county and is an enormous undertaking.

“History House seeks to provide free information on the history of Essex and to help you research your family history. The entire White's Directory of Essex 1848 has been transcribed and I am currently working on the Post Office Directory 1874. It is hoped that other directories will follow. History House is researched and written by Phil George (Keldon)”.

Blackmore: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexb17.html

Doddinghurst: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexd04.html

Fryerning: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexf14.html

High Ongar: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexh25.html

Ingatestone: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexi01.html

Mountnessing: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexm18.html

Norton Mandeville: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexn01.html

Shenfield: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexs08.html

Stondon Massey: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexs32.html

Willingale.
Willingale Doe: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexw27.html
Willingale Spain: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexw28.html

Writtle:
Writtle: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexw38.html
Highwood: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/essexh27.html

History House’s featured village is nearby Kelvedon Hatch: http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/kelvedonhatch/index.html

Sunday, 2 November 2008

War Memorials Locally

John Westwood has created an impressive site commemorating those from Stock and the surrounding area who gave their lives in World War One. He is a regular writer in ‘The Journal’, a free monthly magazine delivered to homes in the CM4 postal district.

Buttsbury
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/virtual-buttsbury/index.htm

Fryerning
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/ww1/fryerning/

Highwood
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/ww1/highwood/index.htm

Ingatestone & Fryerning
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/virtual-ingatestone/index.htm

Margaretting
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/virtual-margareting/index.htm

Mountnessing
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/ww1/st-giles-mountnessing/index.htm

Shenfield Railway Station
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/shenfield_station/index.htm

Stock
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/virtual-stock/index.htm
http://www.stock.org.uk/history/ww1/index.htm

Index
http://www.stock.org.uk/sub-index/war-memorials.htm


Elsewhere in our local area, other photographers and researchers have been out and about.
Ongar & District
The memorial is inside the hospital
http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/L/lostgeneration/search/m-record.jsp?id=58278

Blackmore
Extensively covered on this site

Bobbingworth
On this site

Brentwood
http://www.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.2486

Chelmsford
http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?s=1f22d1cd5104854f78788b4dbc488433&showtopic=106657&pid=1014756&st=0&#entry1014756

Doddinghurst
On this site

Epping
http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Essex/Epping.html

Good Easter
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2581954440/in/set-72157605507692727/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2581957528/in/set-72157605507692727/

Great Parndon (Harlow)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2583655536/in/set-72157605507692727/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2582827157/in/set-72157605507692727/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2582828489/in/set-72157605507692727/

Greensted
Does not have a parish war memorial.

High Ongar
http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/L/lostgeneration/search/m-record.jsp?id=41602

Kelvedon Hatch
http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Essex/KelvedonHatch.html

Moreton
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2553624939/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2554451364/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2553630953/

Navestock
http://www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/250388320/

Nazeing
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2577981801/

North Weald
On this site

Norton Mandeville
No known War Memorial

Potter Street (Harlow)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2583817762/in/set-72157605507692727/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2583823172/in/set-72157605507692727/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2582992577/in/set-72157605507692727/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/harlowirish/2582991141/in/set-72157605507692727/

Stapleford Tawney
http://www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/229120232/

Stondon Massey
Extensively covered on this site

Theydon Garnon
On this site

Not listed?
Elsewhere in Essex try:
http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Essex/#Memorials

Paul Rusiecki's book 'The Impact of Catastophe' (ERO Publication, Essex County Council, 2008) contains a most substantial, if incomplete, list of 'Essex memorials of the Great War'.

Friday, 24 October 2008

Events Following The Armistice

During the winter of 1918/19, 150,000 people died in Britain as a result of the virulent Spanish Influenza Pandemic. Worldwide it killed more people than had perished during the whole of the War and had swept the Western Front towards the close of war. Many veterans speak of its affect in the book ‘Last Post’. The illness reached Blackmore and Stondon Massey in November 1918.

Revd Reeve wrote: “Stondon is passing through a Visitation of the prevailing ‘Influenza’ epidemic. In England Schools have been closed in many districts, and mortality has been very serious.

“Our neighbours at Blackmore and Kelvedon Common were attacked before us, but we were to be no exception. The School has been closed as from the 15th November and the sickness has found victims in almost every house. When the fever is followed by pneumonia and complications it becomes of course a dangerous visitor. The doctors are barely able to attend their numerous patients, and are at a loss to account for the origin of the scourge. It suffices to keep in check the superabundant rejoicings of Peace” [ERO T/P 188/3 f780-784].

The role of women changed significantly during the War. Reeve looked on with some bemusement during the war years as women took jobs in munitions factories and increasingly took charge in the gathering of the harvest. The call for ‘Votes For Women’ prior to the War was now unquestionable and a free vote given to Members of Parliament met with little opposition becoming law in June 1918. The ‘Representation of the People Act’ created almost universal suffrage for males over 21 years old (previously only three-fifths of the population could vote) and women over 30. Harry Patch, the last surviving veteran who served in the trenches, wrote in his autobiography in 2007, “in part because they could hardly withhold the right to vote from soldiers who had fought for their country” [Patch, p146]. It increased the franchise from 7 million to 20 million. Until then, only those who owned property could vote. A J P Taylor wrote, “War smoothed the way to democracy – one of the few things to be said in its favour” [Taylor, p94].

Reeve wrote on 14th December 1918: “The General Election of Members of Parliament is taking place today. Stondon people go to Blackmore to vote. This is the first occasion of the admission of women to the franchise, and the first occasion when women Candidates for Parliament have been admissible. Motor-cars and carriages are being utilized where possible for the conveyance of electors, and I have seen several amused and smiling faces of village women being taken to the poll, pleased alike with their unwonted excitement of their importance. The Poll will be declared on the 28th, the delay being caused by the inclusion of soldiers’ proxies who are permitted to vote by post”.

Bibliography

Arthur, Max. Last Post. The Final Word from our First World War Soldiers (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2005)
Patch, Harry, with Emden, Richard. The Last Fighting Tommy (Bloombury, 2008)
Taylor A.J.P. English History 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965)

Friday, 22 August 2008

Blackmore: Bombs Over Blackmore


Memorials are a common feature in church stained glass windows. At the Priory Church of St Laurence, Blackmore, many of the windows date from the first two decades of the twentieth century.

An unusual record is on one, in what is now the kitchen: “This window is erected as a thank-offering to Almighty God for the protection in the Great Air Raid of March 31st 1916”.

Curious to find out more, I looked at local newspapers for the time and visited the Essex Record Office.

During the First World War, civilians were subjected to indiscriminate bombing from Zeppelins from large airships which flew at high altitudes and later from attack by aeroplane. In all there were 53 separate Zeppelin raids on England, twenty in Essex, which then had army and naval garrisons at Harwich, Colchester and Southend, and docks along the River Thames.

This action was deliberately designed by the enemy to strike fear and to destroy morale. The country was unprepared for air attack and redoubled efforts to defend and counter-attack. Bombing civilians was an entirely new form of warfare and received outrage from the British people.

The night of 31st March 1916 was to be one of the greatest in terms of civilian casualties. In Lincolnshire, East Suffolk, Ipswich and Essex, 223 bombs were dropped killing 48 and injuring 64 people. The L14 and L15 flew over Essex, dropping bombs in Colchester, Braintree, Stanford-le-Hope, Thameshaven and Blackmore [ERO T/Z 473/1]. Four civilians were killed in Martin’s Yard, Braintree by bombs dropped from the L14. Revd. Andrew Clark, Rector of Great Leighs, wrote in his Diary that the raiders had heard the town church clock strike eleven, “realised that they were over a town of some sort, and threw out three bombs by chance” [Munson, p121].

Reporting restrictions at the time prevented newspapers giving precise locations. The Essex Weekly News referred to “Friday’s Attack On The Eastern Counties”. No one was killed or injured in Blackmore, but there could have been a few near misses.

Revd Edward Reeve, Rector of the neighbouring village of Stondon Massey, wrote of the events in his ‘notes for a parish history’: “With the moonless nights and the still weather which has succeeded the wintry storms a succession of air-craft raids began. On March 31 five “Zeppelin” airships visited the Eastern Counties. One of them was heard over Stondon in the direction of Woolwich at 10.20pm, but we were destined to have a closer acquaintance with another of the group at a later hour. At 11.45 a Zeppelin dropped a series of bombs at the point where is the junction of Stondon with the parishes of Blackmore and Kelvedon Hatch: within easy distance of Soap House Farm. A machine-gun had been lately established at Kelvedon Hatch to watch for the raiders, and Capt. Hulton in charge claims to have hit the air-ship, causing it to drop the bombs hurriedly.”

Revd. Andrew Clark in Great Leighs, some fourteen miles north east of Blackmore, wrote, “11.50pm. several explosions in the south, followed by lights (probably searchlights)” [Munson p120].

Reeve continued, “Large numbers of persons from Brentwood and the surrounding district visited the spot next day, and the large craters caused by the bombs, some 15 feet in diameter and varying from 3 to 9 feet in depth, were the astonishment of all. The whole saucer-like cavities were left entirely clean by the explosion, and one local builder Mr J T Gann remarked there was no trace anywhere of the large body of earth which had been scooped out by the force of the bomb. Clods torn from the craters were sprinkled to a distance of 60 yards. Nine of the thirteen holes were quickly found: and fortunately no life was lost or building injured. All had fallen in open fields. Our windows at Stondon Rectory were violently shaken and considerable alarm was naturally caused. We in the close neighbourhood have much for which to be deeply grateful to an over-ruling Providence.”

Five days later (6th April 1916) Reeve added, “Further enquiry shows that the bombs dropped on March 31st fell between the Soap House and the corner of Blackmore between the Church and Miss Barrett’s house. Two were dropped in the lane near the site of the old Blackmore Mill. The remaining holes were to be found in a straight-line across the fields to Miss Barrett’s at very short intervals. Many panes of glass were broken in the house by the concussion” [ERO T/P 188/3].

In terms of location, the bombs were dropped over Hook End near Blackmore House, Mill Lane then fields not more than half a mile to the east of Blackmore village itself.

The night marked a turning point for the allies because L15 was the first Zeppelin to be shot down during the War. The Anti-Aircraft gunners of the 3rd Company, Essex and Suffolk Royal Garrison Artillery based at Purfleet were credited with the success. This was a major breakthrough, and the Lord Mayor of London gave gold watches to the members of the gun crew. (He had originally put up a reward of £500). An eyewitness recorded, “It was about 12.15am on April 1st 1916 that she came across Essex from north east at a height of about 14000 feet … shrapnel shells [were fired] at the raider” [ERO D/DS 200/7]. An aeroplane failed to hit the target. The Zeppelin “dropped into the sea [near Margate] and sunk while being towed to land. Seventeen members of the crew were rescued and are prisoners of war at Chatham Barracks” [Essex Weekly News: 7 April 1916]. The news must have travelled fast because Robert Taylor Bull, of Burnham, recorded in his diary the following day, “A Zeppelin was brought down at Thameshaven”. On 1st April he wrote: “A Zepp went over last night about 9 … with usual noise” [ERO T/S 245].

During September 1916, two Zeppelins were intercepted by members of the Royal Flying Corps at Billericay and Wigborough, marking the beginning of the end of the raids. Inside the church at Great Wigborough there is a small part of what remains of L33.


Bibliography

Clark, Revd Andrew (edited James Munson). Echoes of the Great War (Oxford, 1985)
Morris, Captain Joseph. The German Air Raids on Great Britain 1914 – 1918 (Nonsuch, 2007). First published 1925.

Friday, 15 August 2008

Revd Edward Reeve. Chronicler of The Great War


Edward Henry Lisle Reeve (1858 - 1936) was Rector of Stondon Massey in Essex from 1893 until 1935. In his spare time he researched and published from 1900 what many regard as a model parish history. His last volume was published in 1914, on the eve of the First World War.

While researching for an historical event at Stondon Church (‘Through Changing Scenes’ – see earlier entries on this blog), I discovered that Reeve did not stop recording events in his parish on publication of his work but kept notes through to 1929. (His notes are held in Essex Record Office: ERO T/P 188/3). We therefore have a fascinating and unique local insight to the First World War (1914 – 18) as events unfolded.

Reeve lived with his sisters at the Rectory (now Stondon Massey House) where he penned the local history. I understand that his father, whom he succeeded as Rector, forbade him and his sisters to marry. He died, a bachelor, in 1936.

On Tuesday, 4th August 1914 at 11pm Great Britain declared War on Germany. Very quickly soldiers were called to arms. With an invasion of England anticipated Reeve wrote in October that, “Artillery and Engineer Officers have been busily surveying the district during the past three weeks with the purpose, I believe, of deciding on the best method of obstructing a possible raid on London. An outer line of defence appears to run through Ongar, Stondon and Doddinghurst: and my little field has received attention. Field guns I think would, on necessity, be brought here, and would range eastward in the direction of Chelmsford”.

In November Reeve observed that, “It would hardly be too much to say that Stondon is becoming honeycombed with trenches, and the Church, owing to its being set upon a hill, is a prominent centre. The slopes declining from the Hall to the brook contain a network of passages, giving shelter to riflemen who will give, if necessary, a stern reception to the enemy coming down the opposite hill from Paslow Common. Flanking trenches face toward the Rectory, while others are taken southward along the course of the brook to the village. In adjacent parishes the same work is observable. On the slopes of High Ongar, and on the confines of Blackmore and Doddinghurst towards Swallows Cross bodies of men are busily engaged”.

Huge numbers of men were billeted in Stondon and the neighbourhood. “Some 600 navvies arrived on the morning of November 2nd, some by railway to Ongar, and some by road in motor omnibuses. The plan being somewhat unexpectedly adopted, little or no preparation had been made in the locality for the reception of the men. Some 400 were to commence work at once in Stondon. In the event, at the cost of considerable discomfort, the first few days were successfully surmounted and then tents were erected here and there for the accommodation of the men, or they contrived to find themselves temporary billets. A canteen was put up at Brook’s and Cannons Farm, which to some degree supplied the place of shops. This was afterward moved to a centre at Hooks End, Blackmore. The appearance of a canteen was hailed with delight by the villagers, publican, and all: for it was becoming a real difficulty to know how to meet the wants of the invaders”.

December’s rains caused the trenches to become saturated and caved in. A different strategy was adopted in early 1915 due to the changed nature of warfare in France. “A Guardsman whom I met lately told me that constantly our trenches in France had been no more than 30 or 40 paces distant to those of the enemy: and it had been possible to throw hand-grenades from one to the other. My Guardsman acquaintance told me that Germany is a beaten nation; and it is recognised that an invasion in force becomes daily less likely”.

We know the War to be far more protracted than thought at the time. Men up and down the country joined. Reeve comments in July 1915, when 44 year-old Ernest Baines signs up, that “he hopes that his example may lead some of the single men who are still holding back to come forward and enlist. So far the Government have procured the services of a vast army without conscription”.

Looking in retrospect, we know that conscription was introduced in 1916 and the events of the Somme caused a tremendous loss of life: the Government deliberately understating the number killed or wounded. Reeve describes the opening day of the Somme offensive (1st July 1916) thus: “As I write, the reverberation of the great guns and explosion of mines are shaking the windows of the Rectory and of all the other houses, I suppose, in the southern and south-eastern counties of England. There is evidently a very heavy bombardment in progress”.

In his privileged position as community leader Reeve learns of letters home to families. Reading his notes one wonders whether this was a cathartic release of all he had learnt. We learn the names and professions of the men of Stondon who went to War. For example, “Mr John White, lately serving as butler and valet at Stondon Place is with the Fusiliers and writing to his wife reports that he is well so far but that a party to which he belonged were lately all but “wiped out”, two officers being killed out of four, and two wounded. This is an astonishing experience for a man not fashioned for a soldier’s life either physically or in temperament”. The gardener at the Rectory, William Penson, was “drafted from Gosfield to Wendover where he will join a class for practice in “bombing and bayoneting”! Strange work for a peaceful citizen!” In all, six Stondon men were killed in the War including three Hasler brothers. Two of the men died after the end of hostilities from the effects of gas inhalation.

The “enemy” never made an assault on England on the ground, but carried out a number of air raids, firstly by Zeppelin and later by aeroplane. Reeve describes these in some detail.

“On August 17th [1915] at 10.15pm a Zeppelin was heard overhead, making its way from the coast in the direction of London. It passed apparently over that part of Stondon which lies nearest Paslow Common, and made its way over Stanford Rivers and Leytonstone. There a number of bombs were dropped, killing five persons, and doing extensive damage to property. On the return journey, about 11.45pm, a vessel with fuse, containing petrol, was dropped in the fields lying between Hallsford and High Ongar, not far from Castle Farm at Ongar. Expert opinion inclines to think that this was not a “bomb”, but a petrol can being dropped by accident from the Zeppelin. Under the supervision of experts the liquid contained in the vessel was burned on the spot.”

Reeve also saw the craters of bombs which were dropped over Blackmore on 31st March 1916. He provides the location of the dropped bombs: “between the Soap House and the corner of Blackmore between the Church and Miss Barrett’s house” (see entry ‘Bombs Over Blackmore’).

As allies gained air supremacy there was success in defence from attacks. Reeve, on 3rd September 1916, witnessed the end of the Zeppelin shot down over Cuffley as the “whole sky for miles around was illuminated with a pink glow which grew brighter and more brilliant as the vessel neared the earth in her fall of some 2½ miles”; and the aftermath of another at Great Burstead (23rd September 1916) when “the numbers of sight-seers was so great that it was difficult, even on foot, to get within distance”.

Reeve witnessed the daylight air raid of 13th June 1917 on London which killed 162 civilians, the highest death toll from a single air raid during the whole war. “They came over Stondon from the North East at a great height, so as to be practically out of view. Some, however, saw three, and some as many as ten, like little glittering silver fish against the blue sky. They filled the air with a rumbling as a huge traction engine. About ten minutes after their passing over our heads we heard the bombs dropping in the direction of London, and the visitors shaped a more southerly course, and the droning died away in the direction of Rochford and Southend. It was possible, however, as they swerved round on their return journey, to hear the quick firing of machine guns, indicating that a struggle was proceeding at great height between the invaders and our gallant airmen.

“The accounts tell us that many lives were lost through the raid, and many terrible injuries inflicted. A Stondon woman (Mrs Skinner) and her child were travelling to London that day, and, with other passengers, brought back word of sad scenes in the Great Eastern Company’s terminus at Liverpool Street. One or two trains narrowly escaped wreckage, and in one at least several persons were killed. It is felt that every effort must be made to give timely warning of such visits in the future, and to prevent the concourse of persons in the streets”.

Reeve also saw the aid raid over London on 7th July 1917 which official reports said killed 57 and injured 193 people. “A few minutes past ten (summer time) this morning a Fleet of hostile aeroplanes was heard approaching from the East, and at 10.30 they were in our near neighbourhood. I counted 24 myself, flying compactly, and very much remembering a body of rooks flying westward towards Kelvedon Hall on an autumn evening. The German aeroplanes appeared from the Rectory to extend from ourselves towards Kelvedon Hatch and Stanford Rivers. They flew unopposed till apparently over North Weald and Epping when firing commenced, and seemed to scatter the formation. They rallied however, and then appeared to make rapidly westward, over the Loughton and Chigwell district for N London. The firing and bomb-throwing circled more and more to the south until at last the fleet was again visible over the Romford quarter, and the sound of machine guns was plainly audible. The aeroplanes were now at a much greater distance. They were lost in the haze, in little over ¾ hour from their first appearance, as they vanished in the direction of the mouth of the river Thames and Southend.”

Eventually the might of the Americans was brought to bear and the War, which seemed “a draw” in 1917, according to sportsman Capt. Fred Fane, ceased with an Armistice on 11th November 1918. In days before radio, the village learnt of events by “the hooting of sirens and the noise of maroons. Some in Stondon heard the distinct bells at Brentwood. But it was not till the afternoon that definite tidings reached the villages and then it filtered through chiefly the form of private messages. News came to Stondon that flags were being hoisted on the Military Hospital at Ongar, and that the veteran Field-Marshall Sir Evelyn Wood VC had visited the place and communicated the splendid message to the wounded men. As soon as I had this official intelligence the Stondon Church bells were chimed with all the old vigour by Ernest Baines, our sometime sexton”. In one sense the War was over.

The book, 'Revd E H L Reeve: Chronicler of the Great War' (64 pages) may be purchased, price £1.50, from the bookstall at Priory Church of St Laurence, Blackmore; St Peter & St Paul Church, Stondon Massey (on open afternoons); and, Megarry's antique shop, The Green, Blackmore. Alternatively, to purchase via the website E mail the contact address.
Andrew Smith

Friday, 4 April 2008

Area: 'Tallis, Byrd and The Tudors'

Programme three in the series 'Sacred Music' has just had its first broadcast on BBC FOUR. Entitled 'Tallis, Byrd and The Tudors', we learned about these two Elizabethan Catholic composers who lived and worked in Essex.

Tallis worked for the Anglican Church following the dissolution of Waltham Abbey where he was organist between 1538 and 1540. He composed such pieces as 'If Ye Love Me', simply because as a musician this was the art professionally required of him at the time. The Church was the only place for his creativity.

Byrd, the younger of the two men, was quite a different character. He was a closet Catholic writing subversive liturgy for families such as the Petres at Ingatestone Hall. The present Lord Petre was interviewed at his home and viewers were shown paintings of William Petre, the first Baron and canny Tudor Secretary to the monarchs, then John, William's son and patron of Byrd. The Petre family were keen musicians and invited Byrd to Ingatestone Hall at Christmas 1585 for merrymaking and the odd secret Catholic mass. Byrd's settings of the Mass for Three, Four and Five Voices (part of the Mass for Four Voices sung by The Sixteen at Ingatestone Hall) are deliberately written for an intimate, domestic area. This is dangerous music.

The choice of Byrd's home at Stondon Massey, after the London Plague of 1592, seems to have been a deliberate hideaway from prying villagers and a walk across country to what was a hotbed of recusancy in the nearby village of Kelvedon Hatch.

Byrd is portrayed as a 'protest singer' in the composition of 'Why do I with paper, ink and pen' - a reaction to Edmund Campion's execution / martyrdom at Tyburn - and in the writing of 'How can we sing the Lord's song in a strange land' (in Latin) to that Psalm 'By the Rivers of Babylon' (no don't mention Boney M please!).

These were indeed turbulent times! Repeated fines for recusancy and maybe anonymous burial at night fall in the churchyard at Stondon Massey.

A really great film. Will watch the repeat!